Among his polemical writings of that period was White Man, Listen! (1957), which was originally a series of lectures given in Europe. Three later novels were not well received.

The Outsider (1953), acclaimed as the first American existential novel, warned that the Black man had awakened in a disintegrating society not ready to include him. The book chronicles the extreme poverty of his childhood, his experience of white prejudice and violence against Blacks, and his growing awareness of his interest in literature.Īfter World War II, Wright settled in Paris as a permanent expatriate. His Black Boy is a moving account of his childhood and young manhood in the South. In 1944 Wright left the Communist Party because of political and personal differences. Wright himself played Bigger Thomas in a motion-picture version made in Argentina in 1951. The book was a best seller and was staged successfully as a play on Broadway (1941) by Orson Welles. Its protagonist, a poor Black youth named Bigger Thomas, accidentally kills a white girl, and in the course of his ensuing flight his hitherto meaningless awareness of antagonism from a white world becomes intelligible. His fictional scene shifted to Chicago in Native Son. Wright first came to the general public’s attention with a volume of novellas, Uncle Tom’s Children (1938), based on the question: How may a Black man live in a country that denies his humanity? In each story but one the hero’s quest ends in death. Du Bois’ 1926 Britannica essay on African American literature.)

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